I. FOREWORD

A. BACKGROUND

(1)

From a comparative analysis of 11 defectors who were similar

to Lee Harvey Oswald, the committee sought to determine what,

if anything, was unusual about Oswald's defection.

(2)

To determine which individuals the committee would study, a

letter was sent to the CIA requesting the names of persons who defected

to the Soviet Union between 1958 and 1964. In response, the CIA.

provided a list of the names and variations of the names of 380

Americans who were in the U.S.S.R. during that time period.

(3)

The CIA was subsequently requested to provide more infor-

mation on the 380 defectors to enable the committee to select, for

a detailed analysis, those most similar to Oswald. The CIA provided

a computer listing of the name, 201 file number.* date and place of

birth, and a compilation of information derived from the 201 file,

as well as citations for various other Government agency reports.

(4)

From this second list of defectors, the committee eliminated

those that appeared to have (a) been born outside the United States;

(b) gone to the U.S.S.R. sometime other than the 1958-62 time period ;

and (c) remained outside the United States until 1964. The committee

decided to examine the files on the remaining 23 individuals, listed

below :

Name

Date of birth

Place of birth

Amron, Irving

United States.

Block, Mollie

Nov. 6, 1912

New York, N.Y.

Block, Morris

Mar. 30, 1920

Do.

Citrynell, Harold

Mar. 10, 1923

Do.

Davis, Bruce Frederick

May 4, 1936

Rome, N.Y.

Dubinsky, Shirley

Mar. 11, 1925

New York, N.Y.

Frank, Richard Cyril

Aug. 22, 1922

Rochester, N.Y.

Frank, Susan Heligman

Nov. 18, 1913

New York, N.Y.

Gold, Robert

Mar. 14, 1928

Massachusetts.

Greendlinger, Martin

Mar. 25, 1932

New York, N.Y.

Halperin, Maurice H

Mar. 3, 1906

Boston, Mass.

Jones, Louis Henry_

Mar. 17, 1934

Arlington Heights, Ohio.

Lawson, John Howard

Scot. 25, 1894

New York, N.Y.

Martin, William H

May 27, 1931

Columbus, Ga.

Martinkus, Anthony V

June 15, 1911

Chicago, Ill.

Meyer, Karl Henry

June 30, 1937

Mountain, Wis.

Mitchell, Benson F

Mar. 11, 1931

San Francisco, Calif.

Parker James Dudley

Feb. 21, 1926

Oakland, Calif.

Petrullij Nicholas

Feb. 13, 1921

Brooklyn, N.Y.

Pittman, John Orion

Sept. 17,

1906

Atlanta, Ga.

Ricciardelli, Libero

June 18, 1917

Needham, Mass.

Webster, Robert Edward

Oct. 23, 1928

Tiffin, Ohio.

Winston, Henry

Apr. 2, 1911

Hattiesburg, Miss.

(5)

The committee then examined the October 25,

1960, request

from the State Department to the CIA for information on 13 individ-

uals they considered defectors. That list included the following :

•A 201 file contains general information concerning a person, as opposed to

other files that may concern projects and so forth.

(437)

438

(a) Lee Harvey Oswald.

(b) Seven individuals whose files the committee had decided to

examine under the previous criteria : Block, Mollie; Block, Morris ;

Davis, Bruce Frederick; Martin, William H.; Mitchell, Bernon

F. ; Ricciardelli, Libero ; Webster, Robert Edward.

listing but had been excluded because they were not born within

the United States : Dutkanicz, Joseph—Date of birth : June

1926, place of birth: Corlice, Poland; Sloboda, Vladimir—Date

of birth : January 7, 1927, place of birth : Redkomien, U.S.S.R.

(d) Three individuals who had not previously been known to the

committee as defectors : DuBois, David—Date of birth : March 9,

1925; David Graham McConns—place of birth : Seattle, Wash.;

Jones, Sergeant (FNU) ; Fletcher, Sgt. Ernie.

(6)

The CIA response to this State Department request is dated

November 21, 1960. It included available information on the above

defectors and stated :

In addition to those appearing on your list, there is in-

cluded information on Virginia Frank Coe and Maurice

Hyman Halperin. While these individuals have not re-

nounced their American citizenship or declared themselves

in any way, both are employed by the bloc countries in

which they now reside.

(7)

The committee had selected Halperin from the computer listing

as a defector who fit the previously stated criteria, but had no knowl-

edge of Coe.

(8)

In a February 27, 1978, letter from the committee to the CIA,

access to all existing 201 files were requested for the following 29

individuals :

(a) The 23 individuals from the computer listing;

(b) Dutkanicz, Sloboda, DuBois, Jones, and Fletcher

(because

their names appeared on the defector list with Oswald's name) ;

and

(because the CIA added his name as a possible

defector).

(9)

Five of the individuals were immediately dropped from this

defector analysis. The CIA could not identify Sergeant Jones with-

out additional identifying data, none of which could be found.

DuBois and Coe were eliminated because they defected to Com-

munist China and did not offer any insight into Oswald's defection

to the Soviet Union. The information on Martin and Mitchell was

considered too sensitive in nature by the CIA to be provided to the

committee.

(10)

The committee also requested the FBI, the Department of

Defense and the State Department to provide selected information

on the 24-name defector sample.

(11)

From the available information, the committee performed an

analysis of treatment provided by the Soviets to individuals during

the approximate period Oswald was there. The committee used the

following criteria for its detailed examination :

Background

Date of defection

439

Defected with whom

Rejection of American citizenship

Length of time for Soviets to grant residence

Type of residence permit granted

Circumstances after defection and prior to resettlement

Propaganda statements made to Soviet press

Relationships with Soviet citizens

Place of residence in Soviet Union

Military training prior to defection

Employment in Soviet Union

Income provided

Financial aid provided

'Contact with Soviet officials, especially KGB personnel

Known surveillance

Time period for Soviets to grant exit visa

Time period for United States to grant entrance visa

Time period for spouse or children to obtain exit visa

Time period for spouse or children to obtain entrance visa

(12)

During this analysis, 13 individuals were eliminated for the

following reasons :

(a) Lack of substantive information: Fletcher, Ernie; Gold,

Robert; Jones, Louis; Lawson, John; Meyer, Karl; Parker, James.

(b) Communist Party members who made frequent trips to the

Soviet Union, were on official party business in the Soviet Union, or

had resided outside the United States for an extended period before

entering the Soviet Union, making a comparison to Oswald's situa-

tion difficult : Frank, Richard; Frank, Susan; Halperin, Maurice;

Pittman, John; Winston, Henry.

comparison to Oswald's situation difficult : Amron, Irving;

Martinkus, Anthony.

(13)

The defector sample eventually compared to Lee Harvey

Oswald was reduced to

11 individuals,

2 of whom were married :

Block, Mollie; Block, Morris; Citrynell, Harold; Davis, Bruce;

Dubinsky, Shirley; Dutkanicz, Joseph; Greendlinger, Martin;

Petrulli, Nicholas; Ricciardelli, Libero; Sloboda, Vladimir; Webster,

Robert.

II. MORRIS AND MOLLIE BLOCK

(14)

Morris Block attended the Sixth World Youth Festival in

the Soviet Union during 1957.

(1) Immediately after the confer-

ence he traveled to Communist China, prompting the State Depart-

ment to impound his passport for misuse.

(2) In 1958, he made an

unsuccessful attempt to reach the Soviet Union with a falsified

passport.

(3)

(15)

Then, in July 1959, Morris Block arrived in Gydnia, Poland

with his wife and child.

(4) After being kept in seclusion for 1

month, they were transferred to Moscow where they were met by

"Soviet representative."

(5) The Blocks were taken to the Lenin-

gradskaya Hotel and provided excellent accommodations while they

applied for travel visas to China.

(6) Although the Soviet repre-

sentatives had reached an agreement with the Blocks to participate

in a press conference, it did not take place.

(7)

440

(16)

In September 1959, the Soviets suggested the Blocks accept

Soviet asylum, and later issued them Soviet internal passports for

foreigners.

(8)

The Soviet authorities immediately settled the

Blocks in a two-room, 19 ruble-a-month apartment in Odessa, and

provided them

1,000 rubles to buy furniture.

(9) Morris Block

obtained a job as a mechanic in a Soviet shipyard while Mollie

Block taught in the Polytechnic Institute.

(10) Their combined

income was 166 rubles per month.

(11)

(17)

A Ukranian newspaper published a letter by Block in

December 1959, stating his intent to live in the Soviet Union.

(12)

He severely criticized life in the United States and detailed a long

history of unemployment and alleged "persecution" by the FBI after

his return from China.

(13) Again he denounced the United States

in an interview with his local newspaper in 1960.

(14)

(18)

Because Morris Block had difficulty with the Russian language,.

he was assigned a young girl to teach him.

(15) An affair resulted

and Mollie Block arrived in Moscow with her daughter in February

1960.

(16) The same Soviet official met Mrs. Block, this time taking

her to the Hotel Metropole. (17) Until June she remained there, with

the Soviet Red Cross paying expenses.

(18) When her daughter was

hospitalized due to a nervous disorder, Mollie Block moved into a

one-room apartment and began work as a typist-translator for the

Soviet Publishing Office in Moscow. (19)

(19)

In August Morris Block arrived in Moscow and requested to.

remain there with his family.

(20) Because the Soviets insisted. 2

months later Mollie and Morris Block returned to their previous jobs

in Odessa.

(21) Their daughter did not join them until May 1961..

(22)

(20)

After numerous visits to the Soviet authorities, the Blocks.

received permission to visit the American Embassy in Moscow. (23)

Mollie Block requested the Embassy provide passports for herself,.

her husband, and an immigration visa for their daughter.

(24) She

also requested financial aid to repatriate.

(25) The U.S. authorities:

were willing to aid the Blocks since their passports had expired, but

the Soviet authorities refused to grant exit visas and forced a re-

turn to Odessa.

(26) The Blocks were subsequently approached on

three occasions to renounce their U.S. citizenship and become Soviet

citizens.

(27) They refused to do so. (08)

(21)

The State Department asked the American Embassy on Jan-

uary 30,

1963, to issue Mollie Block a passport for return to the

United States only, her daughter an alien entry visa and Morris

Block an emergency certificate of identity and registration for re-

turn to the United States only.

(29) They did so. (30)

(22)

Then in late February 1963, the Blocks lost their Soviet docu-

mentation.

(31) In May the Soviet Government stated they would not

reissue temporary documents and the Blocks would have to accept

permanent registration instead. (32) Applications for exit visas were

led during the summer months of 1963, refused, and filed again in

April 1964. (33)

(23)

Morris Block became annoyed at the Soviets' broadcasting

propaganda through the loudspeaker at his place of employment in

early

1964. (34) He disconnected it and was severely punished by

441

several young Soviet workers. (35) The Soviets would not grant per-

mission for the Blocks to visit the Embassy in Moscow or grant exit

visas so they could leave the Soviet Union. (36)

(24)

Mollie Block provided an account of their difficulties to a cor-

respondent for the New York Times that was visiting Odessa. (37)

When the article concerning Soviet treatment of the Blocks was pub-

lished, the Soviets began harassing the Blocks. (38) The U.S. consular

officials discussed the Block case with Minister of Foreign Affairs,

and then the Blocks were expelled from the U.S.S.R. (39) Morris

Block was charged with acts of hooliganism and Mollie Block was

charged with handing out anti-Soviet propaganda to foreign students

at the Polytechnic Institute. (40) They departed from the U.S.S.R.

to the United States on July 11, 1964. (41)

III. HAROLD CITRYNELL

(25)

Harold Citrynell entered the Soviet Union with his wife and

child on February 27, 1958. (4.2) He crossed the Czechoslovakian bor-

der as a tourist, intending to establish residence and become a

citizen. (43)

(26)

After several days in Moscow, Citrynell applied to the Office of

Visas and Registration for permanent residence and Soviet citizen-

ship. (44) He wrote a statement containing 13 reasons prompting his

request for Soviet citizenship, one which may have been his inability

to obtain employment in his desired field.(45) Within a few days

Citrynell was notified that he had been accepted and that the Red Cross

would take care of him and his family. (46)

(27)

Citrynell was provided a one-bedroom apartment in Kharkov

and a job in a mine surveying instrument factory with an "above

average salary for the job."(47) He stated that while living in Khar-

kov. he felt that his neighbors and coworkers had participated in a

planned effort to make him dislike the Soviet Union.(48)

(28)

In the autumn of 1958, Citrynell decided to return to the

United States. (49) He requested an exit visa and began writing gov-

ernment offices and influential people. (50) He stated that after Octo-

ber 1958 his detention was involuntary. (51)

(29)

Before Citrynell's departure on June 29, 1959, the Red Cross

requested he sign a statement agreeing never to say anything deroga-

tory about the Soviet Union or any individual in it. (52)

IV. BRUCE FREDERICK DAVIS

(30)

After serving approximately 5 years in the U.S. Army. Bruce

Frederick Davis left his post in Germany. (53) He defected to East

Germany in August 1960. and spent a month in East Berlin before

entering the Soviet Union. (54)

(31)

In October 1960, two articles appeared in Izvestiva and Pravda

with statements by Davis attributinp- his defection to disillusionment

with U.S. foreign and military policy.(55) Although Davis physi-

cally defected, he did not officially denounce his American citizen-

ship and was documented by the Soviet as a stateless person.(56)

(32)

Davis was settled in Kiev as a student at the Kiev Institute

442

of National Economy. (57) He was provided a free dormitory room

and a stipend of 900 old rubles a month. (58) This is three times

what Soviet students receive, but normal for a non-Soviet-bloc stu-

dent. (59) In October Davis wrote a friend of his in the Army and

stated he was given an outright sum of 10,000 old rubles; it is un-

known if this is true. (60) He was promised a free apartment if his

unauthorized travel was discontinued and his grades were improved.

(61)

(33)

In August 1962. Davis appeared at the U.S. Embassy in

Moscow to request an American passport. (63) He phoned the Em-

bassy the following day and stated he would not be completing the

application as he had been arrested for his participation in a brawl

in Kiev. (63) He returned to the Embassy in October 1962 and was

issued a passport and entry visa into West German. (64) Davis

allowed the passport and visa to expire due to a new Soviet girl friend

he had met. (65)

(34)

In 1963 Davis visited the Embassy on an unauthorized trip in

January to make statements concerning his dissatisfaction and

deliver papers from another disgruntled U.S. citizen.(66) In May

he made another trip to renew his passport and reapply for a West

German visa. (67) Davis was returned to military control in July

1963. (68)

V. SHIRLEY DUBINSKY

(35)

Shirley Dubinsky wrote several letters from East Berlin to

Soviet Premier Khrushchev denouncing her American citizenship

and requesting Soviet citizenship in October

1961.(69) On Decem-

ber 25, 1962, she arrived in Moscow after purchasing a 3-day tour'

from a travel agency in Switzerland. (70) She refused to leave the

Soviet Union when her visa had expired. (71)

(36)

The American Embassy in Moscow was informed by the Hotel

Metropole that an American guest there, Dubinksy, was acting

"queer." (72) She was committed to a mental hospital on January 5,

1963, with $100 in her possession. (73) The diagnosis was a "schizo-

phrenic break."(74) Soviet psychiatrists advised that Dubinsky was

unable to travel and extended treatment was necessary.

(75) The

American Embassy informed the State Department of the situa-

tion.

(76)

(37)

It was reported that Dubinsky had visited the offices of the

Department of Visas and Registration, apparently to obtain Soviet

citizenship. (77) When she attempted to visit the offices of the Supreme

Soviet in the Kremlin she was turned over to Intourist. (78)

(38)

A repatriation loan, in the form of a plane ticket to New York,

was awarded to Shirley Dubinsky, and she returned to the United

States on February 1,1963. (79)

VI. JOSEPH DUTIKANICZ

(39)

Joseph Dutkanicz informed the American. Embassay that in

1958 while he was stationed in Germany with the U.S. Army, he was

approached by KGB officers and, because of threats and inducements,

was recruited. (80) His wife stated that he often spoke of fleeing to the

443

Soviet Union during 1959. (81) The Soviets recommended that Dut-

kanicz defect in May 1960 and a Western bloc investigation for secu-

rity reasons prompted him to do so. (80) Two weeks prior to his sched-

uled return to the United States in June 1960, Dutkanicz took his wife

and three children on a trip. (83) They visited Czechoslovakian Em-

bassy in Vienna, then, passing through Czechoslovakia, were escorted

to the Ukraine, Soviet Union. (84) After being driven to L'vov, the

family was settled in first-class accommodations, with KGB assist-

ance. (85)

(40)

Tass announced the Dutkanicz family had sought assistance in

July 1960. (86) Articles began appearing that gave autobiographical

statements on the history and motivation for defection in anti-Ameri-

can terms. (87) Later an article by Dutkanicz was published that in-

dicated he was living in L'vov with his family and contained anti-

Hitler and anti-U.S. propaganda.

(88) Two radio broadcasts were

made in Moscow also. (89)

(41)

Dutkanicz stated he never applied for or requested Soviet

citizenship. (90) A private bill bestowing citizenship on him, Supreme

Soviet decree No. 135/3, was enacted in March 1960, before he de-

fected. (91) September

1960, a Soviet passport was delivered to

him. (92) His wife was documented as a foreigner upon request and

his children as Soviet citizens. (93)

(42)

Dutkanicz was given employment as a technician in a TV fac-

tory for an undisclosed salary and his wife taught English conversa-

tion lessons for 10 rubles a month. (94)

(43)

Although they moved into an apartment in 19t1, the daily

contact by Russian agents that Dutkanicz's wife described during

their first 6 months, did not end. (95) During a March 6, 1967, visit to

the American Embassy she stated that the secret police (KGB) were

in constant contact with her husband, telephoning daily, and that

"the same agents who facilitated the family's placement in Lvov in

1960 were watching them closely." (96)

(44)

The American Embassy received a letter from Dutkanicz's

wife, Mary, on September 14, 1961, requesting a visa to visit her sick

mother in the United States. (97) It stated she thought her husband

was only visiting the Soviet Union at the time of his defection and

that her passport had been taken from her. (98) She appeared at the

Embassy on December 5, 1961, for a passport, stating her mother had

died. (99) Mary was sent back to L'vov to apply for an exist visa. (100)

She had been told by her husband to say that they had been black-

mailed by threats against his family in L'vov. (101)

(45)

An application to the Red Cross was filed in February or

March 1962 for a loan of 500 rubles to be used for a trip to Mos-

cow. (102) The request is denied "although the so-called Soviet Red

Cross had given large sums of money to other defectors who were

American born and had no KGB connection."(103)

(46)

During Mary Dutkanicz's visa processing visits to the Em-

bassy, she revealed that her husband was thoroughly disillusioned

and wanted to return to the United States regardless of any

charges. (104) She explained that her husband was encouraged by the

fact he had received an undesirable discharge from the Army,

not dishonorable. (105)

444

(47)

Dutkanicz requested the Embassy to aid his children and him-

self in returning to the United States on March 22, 1962 (the day after

his wife departed to the United States). (106) The FBI and CIA did

not, want Dutkanicz brought back on their account, but on August 15,

1962, the State Department advised the Embassy to issue him a pass-

port. (107) The file reflected that the Embassy could not reach Dut-

kanicz on the phone prior to November 22, 1963. (108)

(48)

Dutkanicz's children, ages 11, 9, and 8, stated that on July 25,

1963. they were taken from their home and placed in boarding schools

( the 11-year-old had been in school previously). (109) They were al-

lowed to see their father once and he had cried, saying that "they"

wanted to do something to his nervous system to make him an

idiot. (110)

(49)

Mary Dutkanicz was informed that her husband had been

found in a drunken state, placed in the hospital in L'vov and died in

November 1963. (111) The U.S. consul was informed in March 1964,

that the three children would be allowed to leave the Soviet

Union.(112) The children were to be documented as Soviet citizens

for the departure, but were to travel on U.S. passports after crossing

Soviet borders.(113) In May

1964, the children joined Mary Dut-

kanicz in the United States. (114)

VII. MARTIN GREENDLINGER

(50)

A mathematician at New York University, Martin Greend-

linger attended the World Youth Festival held in Moscow in

1957. (115) He met Yelena Ivanovna Pyatnitskaya, nee Kapustina, a

student at the Lenin Pedagogical Institute. (116)

(51)

Greendlinger returned to the Soviet Union in April 1958, and

within a month had married Yelena. (117) He had been encouraged

to believe her passport and Soviet exit visa would be issued in 3 to 4

months by OVIR. (118) Greendlinger meant to bring his wife, her

daughter by a previous marriage, and possibly a child of their own

marriage to the United States. (119)

(52)

In July 1959 Greendlinger left his home in Borisoglebsk and

returned to the United States alone. (120) After a year, the Soviet

authorities had issued his wife an exit visa to depart from the

U.S.S.R. (121) The U.S. Embassy, however, refused to issue an en-

trance visa due to her membership in Komsomol after 1947 and in a

trade union after 1951. (122)

(53)

Greendlinger applied to the State Department for his wife's

entry visa in August

1960. (123) In September he received a U.S.

passport to visit his wife and child for a month and was awarded a

National Science Foundation fellowship for 1 year. (124)

(54)

It was December 1960 before Greendlinger returned to Mos-

cow. (125) He and his wife spoke to American Embassy personnel

about acquiring an entrance visa. (126) The Embassy stated his wife

could not receive an entrance visa to the United States because there

could be no waiver of section 243(g) of the act. (127) The CIA file on

Greendlinger states:

This apparently involved Komsomol membership, although

the Soviet wives of Parker and Oswald—q.v.—had many

more drawbacks and were let in. (128)

445

(55)

When Greendlinger applied for visas at the British Embassy

lie was told that his wife would be issued a visa if he could get a job

in England and guarantee support. (129) He settled in Ostankine,

suburb of Moscow, and worked as a mathematician. (130) Finally, the

National Science Foundation approved his studying math at Man-

chester, England. (131) No further information is known. (132)

VIII. NICHOLAS PETRVLL1

(56)

An American laborer, Nicholas Petrulli purchased an orga-

nized tour to Western Europe and the U.S.S.R. for $965. (133) He

entered the Soviet Union at Vyborg on August 10, 1959, using a regu-

lar 7-day tourist visa issued in Washington the previous month. The

tour passed through Leningrad en route to Moscow where it was to

remain until August 18.

(134) Petrulli did not show up at the train

station to depart from Moscow.

(135) He canceled his ship reserva-

tions through an Intourist guide and remained in the Ukraina Ho-

tel. (136)

(57)

Petrulli spoke to several Americans in the hotel restaurant

in the following week about his decision to remain in the Soviet

Union. (137) He had no communistic sympathies or ideological lean-

ing toward the U.S.S.R. and had no grievances against the United

States. (138) Petrulli believed there was a good opportunity to obtain

employment in the Soviet Union, although he did not know the lan-

guage, people, or country. (139)

(58)

A resident American correspondent encouraged Petrulli to tell

the Embassy in Moscow about his intention to defect. (140) On Au-

crust

28,

1959, Petrulli was interviewed for 2 hours by an Embassy

official, Snyder. (141) The correspondent was present when Petrulli

explained his reasons for staying and how he- had learned the proce-

dure for remaining from the hotel manager and Intourist guide. (14)

He stated no one had induced or influenced him. (143) Petrulli stated

that upon the guide's advice, he had drafted a letter to the Supreme

Soviet requesting Soviet citizenship, but had not sent it yet. (144) He

stated he had informed the Intourist guide he was virtually out of

money. (145) He did, however ,have possession of ship and plane

tickets for his return to the United States. (146) Petrulli was given the

name of a Catholic priest in Moscow he subsequently spoke to who

warned about possible exploitation, and so forth. (147)

'(59)

The following day Petrulli sent the letter to the Supreme So-

viet.(148) He told the Embassy it contained five points as specified

by the Intourist guide:

(1) date and place of birth;

(2) names and

addresses of relatives;

(3) property and bank accounts (none) ;

(4)

skills, education, and work record; and

(5) moral and ideological

reasons for wanting Soviet citizenship.

(IP) Petrulli would not re-

late what he had written for No. 5 or if it was derogatory to the United

States. ( 150)

(60)

Petrulli visited the American Embassy on September 2, 1959,

turned in his passport, stated he had sent the letter to the Supreme

Soviet and asked to renounce his U.S. citizenship.

( 151) Snyder

explained the irrevocability of renunciation and told Petrulli to re-

turn in the afternoon. ( 152) He did so and Snyder administered the

oath of renunciation. (153)

43-792-79

446

(61)

Several people were told by Petrulli that he felt "morally

and economically at home in the Soviet Union," that they were trying

to do things right, that people were not in a hurry and not nervous

wrecks.(154) He said he had many jobs in the United States and

he was not happy there; he liked the Soviet Union better. (155)

(62)

Petrulli visited the American Embassy again on September 8,

1959 and asked for a written statement of his citizenship status for

the Soviet authorities. (156) When told that the Embassy would inform

him as soon as the State Department informed them, Petrulli began

requesting information on visa requirements to the U.S. (157) The

Soviet authorities had not responded to his letters on job requests

and Petrulli felt he was getting the run-around. (158) His hotel was

being paid for by the Soviets but he was without money, friends or

the ability to communicate with Russians. (159) Petrulli left the

Embassy and told an American correspondent he just wanted to go

home. (160)

(63)

On September 14, 1959, a Soviet official informed Petrulli he

should have applied at the Soviet Embassy in Washington for citizen-

ship. (161) The manager of the Ukraina Hotel told him he had 2 days

to vacate the premises.(16.1) Both men told him he had to leave the

Soviet Union and needed some type of traveling document from the

American Embassy. (163)

(64)

The next day Petrulli was back at the Embassy. (164,) It is

unknown if he applied for a passport during this visit, but a Septem-

ber 19, 1959, newspaper article stated that the State Department had

declared Petrulli legally incompetent and returned his U.S. citizen-

ship. (165) He was given a one-way passport to the United States and

returned to his home in New York on September 22, 1959. (166)

IX. LIBERO RICCIARDELL/

(65)

Libero Ricciardelli decided that exposing his family to a social-

istic system of government might straighten out domestic problems

and guarantee his children's future well-being. (167) In 1958 he visited

the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., and asked to visit Soviet

Russia. (168) Ricciardelli obtained Soviet visas to tour Moscow for

six days with his wife and three children, and did so in February

1959. (169)

(66)

When his Intourist guide learned that he wanted to defect, she

recommended that Ricciardelli visit the visa department, Intourist

Service Bureau. (170 He did so and was informed that he must depart

on the expiration date on his visa.( 171) Ricciardelli did not depart

and was not pressured to do so. (172) He continued to visit the visa

department and wrote the President of the RSFSR as was recom-

mended to him by Intourist. (173)

(67)

Financial aid was requested by Ricciardelli because he had only

'4500 and

6 days of meal tickets on him.(174) The director of the

Soviet Union Red Crescent or Red Cross and a renresentative of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs met with Ricciardelli and discouraged

remaining in the Soviet Union. (175) An investigation concerning

application for a visa at the Soviet Embassy in the

United States was begun. (176)

447

(68)

Ricciardelli contracted influenza which developed into rheu-

matic fever and was placed in a hospital for 3 weeks. (177) While

there, he was visited by representatives of the Red Cross and the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who announced he could remain in the

Soviet Union and the Red Cross would be responsible for him. (178)

They helped Ricciardelli fill out forms, and the Soviet in charge of

Intourist at the hotel arranged for aid from the International Red

Cross. (179)

(69)

After Ricciardelli returned from the hospital, lie was ques-

tioned from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. by a journalist from "Izvestia" and pre-

sumably a Red Cross representative (180) Ricciardelli signed a state-

ment that dealt with living conditions in the United States as com-

pared to the Soviet Union and information that would protect the

Soviets from allegations he was being held against his will.(181)`

These articles later appeared in "Pravda" and "Izvestia."(182) When-

Ricciardelli could understand enough Russian to read the articles, he'

did so and felt they were slanted, self-serving statements condemning:

life in the United States.(183)

(70)

Although Ricciardelli applied for Soviet citizenship, his wife-1

refused to do so. (184) Subsequent to this application for citizenship;,

the director of the Red Cross in Moscow and a representative of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs arranged for a move to a climate more

suitable to Ricciardelli's health. (185) He had requested a home in

Kiev or L'vov. (186)

(71)

In July 1959, Ricciardelli arrived in Kiev and was presented

with an Internal Russian Passport, indicating he was a Soviet citi-

zen. (187) No oath of allegiance was taken and Ricciardelli did not

give up his U.S. passport and did not feel as if he had given up his

U.S. citizenship. (188) The Soviets considered all his children Soviet

citizens although his wife refused to accept the passport offered to

her. (189)

(72)

Ricciardelli sketched ideas for new tools and machines as a

mechanical engineer for the Main Operation for Building Construc-

tion. (190) He was required to join a trade union but refused to vote

or give speeches at the meeting when asked. (191)

(73)

With his salary of 150 new rubles, Ricciardelli rented a third-

oor walkup apartment consisting of four rooms and a bath. (192) As

rent was only seven to nine rubles a month, there was also money for

a TV and radio. (193) For 2 rubles a. month, Ricciardelli kept a phone

in his apartment, though it took him 2 years to get it installed. (194 )

Ricciardelli traveled on five or six trips to Moscow from Kiev and

went on a vacation to Gagua, Cavcasas on the Black Sea. (195)

(74)

There were few visitors to the Ricciardelli apartment, and those

that came believed it was wired for sound. (196)

(75)

In the summer of 1960, Ricciardelli visited the Czechoslovakian.

Embassy. in Moscow and applied for visas. (197) After his children

had received an education, Ricciardelli felt it would be easier to return

to the United States from Czechoslovakia than the Soviet Union. (198)'

Two years later when the entrance visas were granted, the Soviets

refused to grant exit visas. (199)

(76)

Ricciardelli's domestic problems had increased by August 1'962

and he decided his wife should return to her parents' home in Illinois

44S

and he would return to his parents' home with the three children. (200)

Ricciardelli applied for a renewed U.S. passport and was told his

citizenship was terminated when he accepted Soviet citizenship. (201)

On March 27,1963, his wife left the Soviet Union for the United States-

after filling out an application to have him granted a permanent resi-

dent visa as the husband of a U.S. citizen. (202) Ricciardelli applied as

an alien to return to the United States on a permanent resident

visa. (203) The U.S. Embassy ‘rranted the visa in June 1963, and after

a 14-day delay over whether his oldest daughter was a Soviet citizen,

he and his children flew to New York. (204)

X. VLADI3IIR SLOBODA

(77)

Vladimir Sloboda became a naturalized citizen of the United

States on August 14, 1958, and was assigned to the 513th Military In-

telligence Group, U.S. Army, with duty station at Frankfurt, Ger-

many. (205)

(78)

In August 1960, Sloboda defected into East Germany, request-

ing Soviet asylum. (206) Although his wife said he was extremely

worried about gamblina

debts, his

201 file, maintained by the CIA

reflects that "emotional

state and fact of Army countermeasures caused

by arrest of 154 MID agents recently" are probably responsible • for

defection. (207) Sloboda later explained he had been blackmailed and

framed into defecting. (208)

(79)

Immediately after Sloboda's defection, he was utilized by the

Soviets for propaganda purposes. (209) In an August interview on

Moscow TV, Sloboda based his defection on the expressed views that

the United States was a warmonger with spy activity in Ger-

many. (210) The September issue of Golos Roding repeated this as

did other articles and various press releases. (211) According to one

of the later articles ,Sloboda was given Soviet citizenship in August

1960, the month he deefcted. (212)

(80)

Sloboda's British wife requested that the Soviet consul in Lon-

don arrange transportation for herself and three children to the Soviet

Union. (213) Travel arrangements were made to Leningrad and all

expenses, such as shipment of furniture and transportation tickets,

were paid for by the Soviets. (214) A Russian Intelligence Service

(R.IS) resettlement officer made arrangements for travel from Lenin-

grad to L'vov.(215) When she and the children joined Sloboda on

November 19, 1960, he was already having doubts about his defec-

tion (216)

(81)

Soviet authorities provided Sloboda with approximately 300

rubles a month and a three-room flat in L'vov for his parents, wife and

children. (217)

(82)

In early 1962 Sloboda's wife requested an exit visa from the

L'vov authorities. (218) She called the American Embassy and in-

formed them that both she and her husband were desperate to return

to the United States. (219) In March she received an exit visa and pass-

port. (220) Sloboda and his wife then visited the British Embassy to

discuss bringing her son and daughter out of the Soviet Union with

her. (221) Sloboda explained to the Embassy that he was afraid to visit

449

the American Embassy. (222) He stated that his wife and oldest and

youngest children had been issued Soviet internal passports for for-

eigners. (223) He stated his other child was a U.S. citizen with an ex-

pired passport. (224)

(83)

Sloboda's wife took the youngest child to England, leaving the

eldest at the International Boarding School and the other son at day

school. (225) On her departure she was given 50 rubles to purchase a

present for her mother. (226)

(84)

The British Embassy sent a representative to visit Sloboda in

August 1962. (227) They learned that "he had been subjected to fairly

frequent questioning by the KGB in Lvov since he visited the embassy

in Moscow." (228)

(85)

In March 1963, Sloboda's wife sent him a telegram stating she

was returning to the Soviet Union so the eldest sons should not be

sent. (229)

XI. ROBERT WEBSTER

(86)

Robert E. 'Webster, an employee of the Rand Development Co.,

made several trips to the Soviet Union in order to prepare for the 1959

U.S. exhibition in Moscow. (230) While there for 7 weeks, beginning

in May 1959, Webster steadily dated the hostess employed at the Ho-

tel Ukraine's tourist restaurant. (231) She worked there during the pe-

riod correspondents accompanying Vice President Nixon's visit to the

U.S.S.R. resided there, and was suspected of being a KGB agent. (232)

Webster informed his girlfriend he wished to divorce his wife in the

United States and return to the Soviet Union to marry her.(233)

(87)

Webster first revealed his desire to defect on July 11,1959. (234)

He approached the two Soviet officials in charge of arrangements for

the exhibition at the fairgrounds and requested information concern-

ing the procedures for a U.S. citizen to remain in the U.S.S.R. (235)

Webster was told to call one of the officials in their Solkolniki Park

office and a meeting was set up. (236)

(88)

A few days later, the English-speaking official Webster had

met previously, escorted him to a private room in a restaurant. (237)

A representative of the Soviet Government questioned him about his

desire to remain in the Soviet Union. (238) The representative was

also interested in whether Webster had told other Americans of his

interest to defect and instructed him not to. (239) While intoxicated

with vodka Webster was told to write a letter to the Supreme Soviet

requesting to remain as a Soviet citizen. (240) He did so, and was gives.

a biographic data sheet to take with him and fill out. (241)

(89)

Subsequently when Webster submitted the data sheet, he state&

that his dissatisfaction with the United States was due to the tendency

of American employers to hire a man and then fire him when he had

learned the job. (242) This reason was not acceptable because Webster

had not personally experienced this. (243) He rewrote the form to state

that in the United States, Government controlled big business. (2.4)

He also wrote that he wished to work, marry, have children, earn a

degree and learn the Russian language in the Soviet Union. (245)

Although he stated he wished to cooperate in every way with the So-

viet Union. the Soviet authorities tried to dissuade Webster from

defecting. (246)

450

(90)

In the last of July or early August, Webster attended what he

described as a serious, no drinking meeting held in a private restau-

rant room at the Metropole Hotel. (247) Webster told two Soviet

chemists he could help them make the Rand spray gun he had dem-

onstrated at the U.S. Exhibition. (248) On September 9 he was told

he had been accepted by the Soviets. (249) Although he had requested

to work in Moscow, Webster was informed he would be sent to Lenin-

grad. (250)

(91) The following day the Soviet officials registered Webster at

the Bucharist Hotel, and instructed him not to leave. (251) He was

given 1,000 old rubles and asked to write a note to a Rand employee

requesting the money be left for him at the hotel because he was on a

tour of Russia. (252)

<92) There was a short party for Webster on September 11. (253) He

was immediately flown to Leningrad with an interpreter and met by

an Intourist representative. (254) He applied for work at the Lenin-

grad Scientific Research Institute, Polymerized Plastics and lived in

the Baltiskaya Hotel for a month. (255) ✓He was allowed to call his girl-

friend and she was allowed to visit and make plans for a vacation. (256)

(93)

On October 17, 1959 Webster was staying in Moscow. (257) He

attended a meeting at the central office, visas and registration (OVIR)

with the original Soviet representative he had contact with, an un-

known Soviet, H. J. Rand, his assistant George H. Bookbinder and

Richard E. Snyder of the U.S. Embassy. (258) Webster stated he was

free to speak, and told Snyder when he had applied for Soviet citizen-

ship, he had been granted a Soviet passport on September

21,

1959. (259) He filled out a form entitled "Affidavit for Expatriated

Person" and wrote his resignation to Rand Development Corp. (260)

(94)

Webster later explained he had no Soviet documentation at the

time, having in his possession an American passport which he never

sent to Snyder as requested. (261) Webster stated the Soviets had

instructed him to say his reasons for defecting were political. (262)

05) Webster's girlfriend joined him the following day and both

.went on a month vacation at the Suitland Sanitarium in Sochi. (263)

They returned to Leningrad and began work at the institute, where

his girlfriend was employed as an assistant and translator. (264) Web-

ster received 280 rubles per month and a semiannual bonus of 50 to

60 rubles. (265) He lived with his girlfriend in a new apartment build-

ing and had three rooms with a bath. (266)

(96)

After writing a summary of his life, listing his relatives and

where they worked, submitting pictures of himself and undergoing a

medical examination, Webster was granted a Soviet internal pass-

port. (267) In December

1959 or January

1960, he turned over his

American passport and obtained the Soviet passport at the OVIR

office in Leningrad. (268)

(97)

On January 27, 1960, a letter was delivered to Webster from his

father. (269) It contained news of his mother's nervous breakdown

and word that his father had assumed financial support of Webster's

children. (270) At that point, Webster decided to return to the United

States. (271)

451

(98)

A note in Webster's file stated that on April 6, 1969, he was to

give a speech on the United States, although there was no indication

whether he, in fact, did make the address. (272)

(99)

The original Soviet representative in Moscow arranged for

Webster and his girlfriend to visit there for the May Day celebra-

tion. (273) Webster entered the U.S. Embassy unchallenged, due to

his American clothing. (274) He informed John McVicker that he

wished to return to the United States. (275) He was told to apply for

a Soviet exit visa. (276)

(100)

Webster requested two notarized invitations for his return

to the United States, to be made by his father, copies to be sent to the

American Embassy. (277) His girlfriend helped him fill out the appli-

cation for a Soviet exit visa and gave her consent, which was

required. (278)

(101)

Webster's girlfriend gave birth to Svetlana Robertovna Web-

ster in August

1960. (279) The child was immediately adopted by

Webster and registered. (280) During the majority of the time after

this, Svetlana's Russian grandmother also lived in the Webster apart-

ment. (281) Webster was assigned a new translator at the In-

stitute. (282)

(102)

Two months after submitting his application for a Soviet

exit visa, Webster was turned down and told he could not reapply for

1 year. (283) Soviet officials visited him from Moscow, inquiring why

he was unhappy and suggesting that he send for his family from the

United States. (284) One year later, he reapplied, and in February

1962, Webster was granted a Soviet exit visa. (285)

(103)

In March 1962, the American Embassy gave Webster instruc-

tions on how to obtain an American entrance visa.(286) His father

sent him a plane ticket for his passage home, and Webster quit his

job. (287) It was May before Webster actually surrender his internal

Soviet passport for his exit visa. (288) Webster arrived in the United

States as an alien under the Russian quota on May 20, 1962.(289) He

had never intended to aid his girlfriend in leaving the Soviet

Union. (290)

XII. LEE HARVEY OSWALD

(104)

In comparing Oswald's defection to the other 11 individuals

in this study, certain points must be taken into consideration.

The Warren Commission requested through the State Department

that the Soviet Government provide "any further available informa-

tion concerning the activities of Lee Harvey Oswald during his resi-

dence from 1959 to 1962 in the Soviet Union ,in particular, copies

of any official records concerning him."(291) In May 1964 the Soviet

Union provided approximately

15 documents concerning the

sojourn employment and medical history of Oswald while in their

country. (9392) The documents also dealt with the departure of Oswald

and his wife from the U.S.S.R. (9393)

(105)

No documents appear to be from the KGB or make mention

of Oswald's beimg debriefed by it. (294) There are some dates, times,

and facts in the documents that differ from Oswald's statements. (295)

452

The signatures of most of the Soviet officials are illegible. (296) The

authenticity of these documents could not be established, but they must

be taken into consideration. It was the only case in this study in which

the Soviet Union added to the existing body of information.

(106)

The committee also had available to it statements and a diary

that handwriting experts determined were written by Lee Harvey

Oswald. (297) The diary covered the period Oswald was in the Soviet

Union. (298). The committee found all of Oswald's writings concern-

ing his life in the Soviet Union to be generally credible. To a great

extent, they parallel the documents provided by the SOviet Union on

Oswald in 1964; that is, that he was in the Soviet Union during the

time period stated; that he attempted suicide; that he-worked at a

radio plant in Minsk; that he met and married a Russian woman:

that he was originally issued a residence visa for stateless persons and

then a residence visa for foreigners ; that he obtained exit visas for

himself and his family, and left the Soviet Union. (299)

(107)

The committee tried to determine the credibility of both the

Soviet documents and Oswald's writings, and in doing so endeavored

to obtain any additional information. Witnesses before the committee

stated that the Soviet Government would have additional information

on Oswald from its surveillance of him. (300) Through the State De-

partment, the committee requested the Soviet Union to provide any

documentation on Oswald they might possess. (301) The Soviet Union

was requested to allow the interviewing of the Soviet citizens Oswald

mentions throughout his diary. (302) The State Department was in-

formed by Soviet officials that no additional information was available

and Soviet citizens could not be interviewed.

(108)

Thus, information that the committee has collected and used

concerning Oaswld's stay in the Soviet Union for this study, is only

partially complete.

(109)

Lee Harvey Oswald was issued an entry visa to the Soviet

*Union by the U.S.S.R.. consul in Helsinki, Finland, on October 14,

1959.

(303) Stamps on Oswald's passpOrt show he entered Finland

October 10 and left on October 15. (304)

(110)

On October 16, Oswald arrived in Moscow after crossing the

border from Finland at Vyborg. (305) He was escorted to the Hotel

Berlin by an Intourist representative. who met him at his train. (306)

There, he registered as a student on a 5-day luxury tourist ticket and

met his Intourist guide Rimma Shirikova.

(307)

(111)

Oswald wrote in the October 16 entry of his diary, referring

to Rimma

I explain to her I wish to apply for Rms.* citizenship. She

is fiabbergassed but aggrees to help. She checks with her boss.

main office Intour. than helps me add a letter to Sup. Sovit

asking for citizenship, meanwhile boss telephone passport &

visa office and notifies them about me. (308)

Rimma insisted they continue sightseeing the following day and asked

Oswald himself and his reasons for defecting. (30.9) Oswald believed

his explanation concerning his Communist beliefs makes Rimma

uneasy. (310)

*Spelling is as it appears in document.

453

(112)

On October 20 Oswald was told by Rimma that the Passport &

Visa Department had requested to see him. (311) Oswald wrote in the

October 21 entry of his diary :

Meeting with a single official, balding stout, black suit,

fairly good English, asks what do I want? I say Sovite citi-

zenship, he ask why I give vague answers about "Great Soviet

Union'' He tells me "U.S.S.R. only great in literature wants

me to go back home" I am stunned I reiterate, he says he shall

check and let me know weather my visa will be (extended it

exipiers today).(312)

Oswald wrote that at 6 p.m. a police official informs him he must

leave the Soviet Union in 2 hours. (313) At 7 p.m. he decided to com-

mit suicide and wrote "when Rimma comes at 8 p.m. to find me dead, it

will be a great shock." (314) Oswald stated that about 8 p.m. Rimma

found him unconscious and he was taken to the hospital in an ambu-

lance for stitches.

(315)

(113)

The Ministry of Health records supplied, reflect that Oswald

was admitted to "Botkin Hospital at 16:00

(4 p.m.) on October 21,

1959 upon request at 15h.

19.

316) He received an examination in

the admission's department at 4:30 p.m. where a skin wound was

found on the lower third of the left forearm. (317) Oswald was given

four stitches and an aseptic bandage for the immediate wound and

kept in a psychosomatic department for observation. (318) The report

stated that Oswald's mind was clear his perception was correct and

he inflicted the injury upon himself in order to postpone his departure

from the Soviet Union. (319) Oswald was transferred to the somatic

department on October 23. (320)

(114)

Oswald's hospital records stated that he was visited by the head

of the Service Bureau, and daily by an interpreter. (321) His place

of employment was listed "K-4-19-80 Service Bureau, Radio-tech-

nician,' which was the only other mention of the Service Bureau. (322)

(115)

The authenticity of the hospital records can in no way be

determined. One indication that they may not be valid documents was

the April 25,1953 date that appeared at the bottom of Oswald's blood

analysis. (323)

(116)

Oswald wrote in his diary that while in the hospital he was

visited daily by Rimma and on October 23 by Rosa Agafonova from

the hotel tourist office. (324)

(117)

Oswald's diary and the hospital reports reflected he was dis-

charged from the hospital on October 28. (325) He wrote in the diary

that Rimma chauffeured him from the hospital to the Hotel Berlin

where he picked up his clothes and money, $100, and moved to the

Hotel Metropole. (326) Oswald stated he was invited to visit with

Ludmilla Dimitrova, Inturist office head, and Rosa. (327)

(118)

Oswald also wrote, that on October 28 he visited the pass and

registration office with Rimma.

(328) He stated there were four un-

known officials that asked questions about the last official he had met

with and his desires for the future. (329) Oswald requested Soviet

citizenship again and provided his discharge papers from the Marine

Corps as identification. (330) Oswald described this meeting in a

discouraging manner. (331)

454

(119)

On October 31, Oswald visited the American Embassy in Mos-

cow.(332 ) Consul at the Embassy, Richard Snyder, informed the

committee that he had no information concerning Oswald before lie

walked into the Embassy. (333) Snyder said :

He handed me a handwritten statement which stated, in

effect, that he renounced his American citizenship. I used

the pretext that the Embassy was not officially open that

day and, therefore, I was not in a position to prepare the re-

quired form to go through with the renunciation and invited

him to come back on the first business day of the Embassy

if he so wished. I retained his passport at that time. (334)

Snyder recalled that Oswald had made some comment that "he had

worked, or advised, or something to that effect, what I would try to

tell him and that he didn't want to waste his time or mine." (335 )

Snyder was told by Oswald that lie had been a radar operator in the

Marine Corps and that he intended to give information he possessed

to the Soviets. (336)

(120)

Oswald wrote in his diary that when he returned from the

Embassy he was contacted by two American reporters in Moscow,

named Goldstein and Mosby. (337) Although he did not grant inter-

views to either ,he answered a few questions for Mosby. (338)

(121)

Alice Mbosy wrote an article, dateline November 14, contain-

ing Oswald's statements to her. (339) It said that imperialism and

lack of money while a child were Oswald's main reasons for saving

$1,600 and coming to the Soviet Union. (340 ) "He had announced

on October 31 that he renounced his U.S. citizenship and was seeking

Soviet citizenship for purely political reasons." (34/ ) Oswald was

denied the Soviet citizenship he had requested but was allowed to

live freely in Russia. (342)

(122)

Among Oswald's belongings was a handwritten account of

his "interviw November 14 with Miss Mosby." (343) Oswald wrote

that Mosby agreed to let him see the story before it was sent out. (344)

He explained to her the political reasons he went to the Soviet Union

and applied for citizenship and how he developed those political

beliefs. (345) Oswald made no comment about his present situation

in the Soviet Union. (346)

(123)

In Oswald's diary he stated that during December he staved

in the hotel studying Russian, seeing no one except. Rimma, who called

the ministry for him. (347) She had told the hotel he would be receiv-

ing a great deal of money from the United States so lie paid no bills

that month.

(348) Oswald recorded that he only had $28 left.

(349)

The passport office had met with Oswald again and he wrote that

the same questions were answered by three new officials. (350)

(124)

Oswald's application to the Visa and Registration Office, In-

terior Department, Executive Committee of the Moscow City Council

for the issuance of an identity bore the date December 20, 1959. (351)

(125)

Oswald wrote that the passport office issued him a Soviet docu-

ment "for those without citizenship on January 4".

(352) He stated

he was told that he would be sent to Minsk and that the Red Cross

would provide him with money. (353)

455

(126)

The Soviet document that bore a January 5, 1960, date was

Oswald's receipt stating that the legal status of a person without

citizenship has been explained to him, and his receipt for an identity

card Series P No. 311479 issued by OVIR Moscow City Executive Com-

mittee on January 4, 1960, with expiration date January 4, 1961. (354)

(127)

Oswald wrote that January 5 he was given 5,000 rubles by the

Red Cross, 2,200 of which paid the hotel bill and 150 of which pur-

chased the train ticket to Minsk. (355)

(128)

In the January 7 entry, Oswald described being met at the train

station in Minsk by two Red Cross workers, then proceeding to the

hotel where he met two Intourist representatives. (356)

(129)

An application and autobiographical sketch written by

Oswald in connection with his employment at the radio factory in

Minsk bore the date January 11, 1960. (357) Oswald also received the

signatures of the doctor and trainer in safety and fire precautions of

the Minsk radio plant. (358) On January 13, he was hired in the ex-

perimental shop at the radio factory as a checker.

(359) Oswald

stated that he received 700 rubles a month from his job and another 700

rubles a month from the Soviet Red Cross. (360) He wrote "therefore

every month I make 1400 R, about the same as a director of the

factory."(361)

(130)

In a March 16 entry Oswald wrote : "I receive a small flat one-

room kitchen-bath near the factory (8 min. walk) with splendid view'

from 2 balconies of the river. Almost rent free (60 Rub. a month) it is

a Russian dream."(362)

(131)

On January 4, 1961. Oswald wrote that he was called into the'

passport office and asked if he wanted Soviet citizenship. He said no,-

but requested his residential passport be extended. (363) A document

provided by the Soviet Government reflected that an identity card for

a person without citizenship, Series P No. 311479, belonging to Lee

Harvey Oswald, was entered from January 4, 1961 to January I,

1962. (364)

(132)

Another document provided by the Soviets was a certificate

from the Minsk Radio Plant, Administration of Electrotechnical and

Instrument Manufacturing Industry, Council of the National Econ-

omy, U.S.S.R., bearing dates January

1, 1960, and July

15,

1961,

that Lee Harvey Oswald was employed as an assembler there. (865)

(133)

The American Embassy received an undated letter from

Oswald on February 13, 1961. (366) He stated that he had not re-

ceived a reply to a December 1960 letter he had written to the Embassy,

so he was writing again. (367) Oswald requested that his American

passport be returned and suggested that some agreement be reached

concerning any legal action proceeding against him so he could return

to the United States. (368) He stated : "They have at no time insisted

that. I take Russian Citizenship." (369) "I am living here with nonper-

manent-type papers for a foreigner." (370) The return address listed

on the envelope was Ulitsa Kalinina, House 4 Apartment 24, Minsk;

and Oswald said he could not leave without. permission. (371)

(134)

In a letter dated February 28,

1961, Snyder requested that

Oswald appear in person at the Embassy to determine his citizenship

status. ( 372) Snyder explained that the December 1960 letter, which

Oswald had mentioned, was never received. (373)

456

(135)

Oswald wrote the Embassy again in March 1961. He stated

he could leave Minsk without permission and would find it incon-

venient to visit Moscow for an interview.(374) He requested that

preliminary inquiries be sent in questionnaire form.

(375)

(136)

Oswald attended a trade dance in Minsk on March 17 and

described meeting Marina N. Prusakova. (376) Records provided by

Ministry of Health, U.S.S.R., reflected that on March 30 Oswald was

admitted to a clinical hospital—ear, nose, and throat division. (377)

According to these records, he was discharged on April 11, 1961, and

lie wrote in his diary that he proposed to Marina 4 days later. (378)

(137)

The date on a certificate of marriage for Marina and Lee

Oswald from the Minsk Civil Registrar Office of Leninsky District

is April

30,

1961.(379) The entry in Oswald's diary concerning his

marriage also bears this date. (380)

(13S)

In a letter dated May 1961, Oswald informed the Embassy

he had married a Russian-born woman who would travel to the United

States with him. (381) He wrote that a marriage stamp was placed on

his present passport for an individual without citizenship. (382)

Oswald said, "I am asking not only for the right to return to the

United States, but also for full guarantees that I shall not, under any

circumstances, be persecuted for any act pertaining to this case."(383)

(139)

The July 8 entry in Oswald's diary described an airplane trip

to Moscow for his first interview at the Embassy since his attempt

to denounce American citizenship. (384) Oswald stated that he took

no oath, affirmation, or allegiance of any kind, nor was he required

to sign any kind of papers in connection with his employment. (385)

He denied being a member of the factory trade union or ever having

been asked to join.(386) Oswald gave his earnings as 90 new rubles

per month. (387) This contradicted an earlier entry in his diary that

he made the equivalent of 70 new rubles as a salary and 70 new rubles

supplement per month. (388)

(140)

Oswald denied making statements of an exploitable nature

concerning his original decision to reside in the Soviet Union.

(389)

He remembered being interviewed in his room at the Metropole Hotel

by a reporter from Radio Moscow concerning his impressions-of Mos-

cow as an American tourist. (3.90) He stated he had never been asked

to make any statements for radio, press or audiences since his arrival.

(3.91) This contradicts his first comment and what he wrote in Janu-

ary 13—March 16, 1960 entries in his diary. "I meet many young Rus-

sian workers my own age. * *

* All wish to know about me even offer

to hold a mass meeting so I can say. I refuse politely."(392)

(141)

When asked if he had provided information he had acquired

as a radar operator in the Marine Corps, Oswald stated "that he was

never in fact subjected to any questioning or briefing by the Soviet

authorities concerning his life or experiences prior to entering the

Soviet Union and had never provided information to any Soviet

organ."

(393)

(142)

Oswald stated he never applied for Soviet citizenship.

(394)

His original application was for permission to remain in the Soviet

Union and a temporary extension of his tourist visa pending the out-

come of his request. (395) Oswald stated he had addressed this appli-

457

cation and mailed it to the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet although it ap-

peared to have been delivered to the central office of the Moscow

OVIR. (396) Apparently this was the basis of a notification Oswald

stated he received 3 days later that permission had been granted for

him to remain in the Soviet Union.

(397) Subsequently he was issued

a "stateless" internal passport.

(398)

(143)

The Embassy returned his passport to him after it was amend-

ed to be valid only for direct return to the United States.

(399) The

passport expiration date was September 10, 1961, but Oswald needed

the passport to apply for exit visas immediately in Minsk.

(400)

Oswald wrote "July 9 received passport. Call Marina to Moscow also."

(401)

(144)

Oswald wrote after he and Marina returned to Minsk on July

14, that meetings to persuade Marina not to go to the United States

began.

(402) Her visit to the Embassy was known.

(403)

(145)

The 20 or so papers, birth certificates, affidavits, photos, and

so forth needed to apply for exit visas were turned in by Oswald be-

tween July 15 and August 20. (404) He writes in the diary that "they

say it will be 31/2 months before we know wheathe.r (sic) they'll let us

go or not.

(405) The date on Oswald's application to the OVIR Mili-

tia Department, Minsk City Executive Committee for the issuance of

an exit visa from the U.S.S.R. is July 15, 1961.

(406)

(146)

The application Marina had to sign to give permission foe

her husband to leave the Soviet Union bears a July 19 date.

(40i)

According to Marina's visa application she requests an exit visa to join.

him on his departure from the Soviet Union, August 21, 1961. (408)

(147)

The personnel department chief and. plant director where

Oswald worked, issued a report to the Minsk City Militia Department

in December 1961. (409) It stated that Oswald :

(1) Takes no part in the social life of the shop and keeps

very much to himself.

(2) Reacts in an oversensitive manner to remarks from the

foreman.

(3) Is careless in his work.

(4) Does not perform satisfactory as a. regulator, and

(5) Does not display the initiative for increasing his skills

as a regulator.

(410)

(148)

Oswald wrote. in his diary that on Christmas Day 1961 Marina

was told at the passport and visa office that she and Oswald were

granted exit visas from the Soviet Union. (411)

Oswald's application to the Minsk Militia Department for the ex-

tension of his identity card bore a January 4, 1962, date.

(412) He

wrote in his diary he was granted a residence document for foreigners.

(413) Identity card for an alien series AA No. 549666, received by Lee

Harvey Oswald was issued January 4 and was valid until July 2,

1963.

(414)

(149)

On February 15 Oswald wrote that, June Lee Oswald was

born.

(415) his diary stated that Marina formally quit her job on

March 24 and he received a letter stating her entrance visa to the

United States had been approved the following day. (416)

458

XIII. SOVIET CITIZENSHIP

(150)

Lee Harvey Oswald was not a Soviet citizen during his resi-

dence in the Soviet Union. He requested Soviet citizenship by mail on

October 16, 1959. On October 21, a Soviet official interviewed Oswald

and tried to dissuade him from defecting to the Soviet Union. Later

that night a police officer told him he would have to leave the Soviet

Union within 2 hours.

(151)

Oswald immediately attempted to commit suicide. His hospi-

tal records reflected it was done in an effort to postpone his departure.

After a week in the hospital, Oswald applied at the pass and registra-

tion office for Soviet citizenship. Three days later he orally denounced

his American citizenship at the Embassy. Although he did so in order

to convince the Soviets to grant him citizenship, he was granted a

residence visa for foreigners without citizenship. Oswald received this

visa on January 4, 1960, 21/2 months after his original application.

Oswald told American reporters in November that the Soviets would

allow him to stay. The January 4 date appears in Oswald's diary and

on the residence document provided by Soviet authorities.

(152)

One year later the residence visa was extended after Oswald

refused the Soviet citizenship offered to him. When he wrote to the

U.S. Embassy in February 1961 he stated the Soviets had not insisted

on his acceptance of citizenship. Oswald wrote that he had "nonper-

manent type papers" for a foreigner. In January 1962 the Embassy

had reissued Oswald's American passport and the Soviets issued him a

residence visa for foreigners.

ANALYSIS

(153)

Oswald was not the only American who had difficulty obtain-

ing citizenship while residing in the Soviet Union. Ricciardelli re-

peatedly requested citizenship from the Visa Department of the In-

tourist Service Bureau. He was told that he would have to leave the

Soviet Union on the expiration date that appeared on his visa. Ric-

ciardelli did not depart and was told he would be allowed to remain

only after being hospitalized for rheumatic fever. A Soviet passport

was given to Ricciardelli 7 months after he requested it. Although

his wife refused a Soviet passport his children were considered Soviet

citizens.

(154)

Webster waited 2 months for acceptance by the Soviets. He

received Soviet citizenship only after altering his stated reason for

defection and assuring the Russians he could manufacture the Rand

spray gun he was exhibiting in the Soviet Union.

(155)

Soviet authorities did not grant citizenship to Dubinsky or

Petrulli, both of whom left the country. Davis was documented as a

"stateless person" and allowed to reside in the Soviet Union.

(156)

Sloboda waited 1 month to be granted Soviet citizenship as

did his oldest and youngest child. His wife and middle child were

issued internal passports for foreigners.

(157)

The Soviets offered citizenship to the Blocks, but they received

internal passports for foreigners. After a number of years in the Soviet

Union the Blocks were pressed to accept Soviet citizenship, which

they would not do.

459

(158)

In the case of Dutkanicz, the Supreme Soviet, by special

decree, granted him citizenship 1 month prior to his defection.

XIV. PROPAGANDA USE AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

(159)

Richard Snyder, the American consul at the Embassy in

Moscow was asked about the Soviet use of defectors for propaganda.

He said :

I think that if there is a usual pattern—and, again, this

is difficult to use words like 'usual' because there are never two

cases alike in this sort of thing—but if there is a usual pat-

tern, it is that there is some exploitation of the defector in

Soviet public media, usually after the details of his defection

have been settled, particularly the detail as to whether the

Soviet Union desires to have him. Up to that point, publicity

in the Soviet Press probably is not to be expected.

(417)

He testified that in the Oswald case, there was no known Soviet press

or propaganda (418) Marina Oswald's testimony before the Warren

Commission was to the contrary. She said that "Lee took part in

radio broadcasts, propaganda in favor of the Soviet Union, which he

felt helped him to stay in the Soviet Union.

(419)

(160)

Oswald wrote in his diary he had been asked to give a speech,

which he did not do. He also informed the American Embassy in

Moscow that he had made several statements to Lev Sefyayev on his

impressions of Moscow as a tourist. The committee found no informa-

tion that any statements made by Lee Harvey Oswald were used for

Soviet propaganda purposes.

(161)

The committee also found no information that the Soviets had

used Citrynell, Dubinsky, Greendlinger, Petrulli, or Webster for

propaganda purposes. There was no apparent correlation between

Soviet citizenship being granted to an individual and subsequent

propaganda exploitation as suggested by Snyder. Dubinsky and Pe-

trulli were not granted any type of residence visa and remained in

the Soviet Union only a short time. Citrynell and Webster became

Soviet citizens with relatively little difficulty. There was no informa-

tion available on Greendlinger's circumstances. Absence of data does

not necessarily mean the Soviets made no propaganda use of these

ve individuals or Oswald.

(162)

Three of the defectors that had anti-American propaganda

statements published—Ricciardelli, Sloboda, and Dutkanicz—were

Soviet citizens. Two other defectors whose anti-American statements

received Soviet press, the Blocks, had residence visas for foreigners.

They were, however, frequently pressured to accept Soviet citizenship.

Davis was the only defector documented as a "stateless person," as

was Oswald, who had anti-American statements published for propa-

ganda purposes.

(163)

Two defectors made the type of propaganda statements dur-

ing radio broadcasts that Marina Oswald Porter describes Oswald

as making. Both these defectors, Sloboda and Dutkanicz, had contact

with the KGB while stationed in West Germany with the U.S. Army.

They were still serving in the Army when they entered the U.S.S.R.

460

XV. RESIDENCE, EMPLOYMENT, AND FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

(164)

All the individuals within this study, including Oswald, who

received permission to remain in the Soviet Union, were assigned to

reside in cities within the western portion of the country. Oswald

was assigned employment, as were. the others, with the exception of

Davis, who was a student at the Kiev Institute. Sloboda also received

300 rubles a month, although his employment is unknown.

(165)

Income comparison was difficult as the number of household

members varied over time. Income of additional household members,

an important variable, was usually unknown. The devaluation of the

ruble in 1960 confused amounts in some cases. (420)

(166)

Salary was known for Oswald and five other defectors. Finan-

cial aid received from organizations like the Soviet Red Cross was

also lmown in most of these cases. Oswald received the lowest salary

among the defectors in this study, 70 new rubles. Davis, a single male

attending the Kiev Institute, received the salary closest to that made

by Oswald. He was paid 90 new rubles and lived in a free dorm room.

Oswald, however, was the only individual known to receive a monthly

stipend in addition to his salary. Ile wrote that each month he re-

ceived the equivalent of 70 new rubles, technically from the Red Cross.

It was, in fact, probably arranged for by the M.V.D.(42/) This would

bring Oswald's monthly income to 140 new rubles. The Blocks and

Ricciardellis made close to this amount, but had families to support in

addition to themselves. Sloboda and Webster both received over 250

new rubles a month.

(167)

The defectors also received occasional financial aid. The

amount varied greatly from the 10.000 rubles (presumably old rubles.

equaling 1,000 new rubles) that Davis wrote a friend he had received

and 50 rubles given to Sloboda's wife to buy a present. Oswald received

the equivalent of 500 new rubles to pay hotel and transportation bills

to Minsk. No defector received payments above 100 new rubles except

Oswald and Davis. The CIA 201 file on Davis states that because the

sum Davis wrote he had received was so fantastically high it was per-

haps a mistake. (.4.22)

(168)

Although Oswald received more aid than most of the other

individuals studied, it is possible that it supplemented the low salary

he received. Oswald wrote "it was really payment for my denunciation

of the United States in Moscow * * * As soon as I * * * started negotia-

tions with the American Embassy in Moscow for my return to the

United States my Red Cross allotment was cut off." (13)

XVI. SOVIET RELATIONSHIPS AND EXIT VISAS

(169)

Two American citizens married Soviet citizens while residing

in the 'U.S.S.R. Oswald. had been in the Soviet Union 181/2 months

when he married Marina N. Prusakova. Two months prior to the mar-

riage, Oswald wrote the American Embassy concerning an agreement

that might be made for his return to the United States. A month after

the marriage he informed the Embassy his wife would be returning

to the United States with him. Marina applied for an exit visa to leave

the Soviet Union and waited 4 months for it to be granted. Oswald, who

461

had applied for a Soviet exit visa approximately 1Y, months earlier

than Marina, learned his had been granted with Marina's. He had

waited 51,./o months for an exit visa.

(170)

Greendlinger's second trip to Moscow in April 1958 resulted

in his marriage. to Yelena Ivanovna Pyatnitskaya within the month.

He had been encouraged to believe her passport and Soviet exit visa

would be issued in 3 to 4 months by OVIR. After a year, the Soviet

authorities issued his wife an exit visa to depart the Soviet Union.

The U.S. Embassy refused to issue her an entrance. visa due to her

membership in Komsomol and a trade union. Because Greendlinger

left the Soviet Union in July 1959, it took, at. most, 16 months for the

Soviets to grant Greendlinger an exit visa. His wife's Soviet exit visa

took approximately 12 months to obtain.

(171)

Webster did not marry the woman with whom he, lived in the

Soviet Union and did not try to arrange for her departure from the

U.S.S.R. He applied for a Soviet exit visa for himself and, after a

2-month wait, was refused and told he could reapply in a year. Webster

waited the year and reapplied for an exit visa. The Soviet authorities

granted it, and Webster departed for the United States after

months.

(172)

Others living in the Soviet Union were also refused immediate

issuance of exit visas. The Blocks had their requests denied or not

acted upon for at least 12 months until they were expelled for acts of

hooliganism and handing out anti-Soviet propaganda. Citrynell re-

ported he was detained in the Soviet. Union involuntarily for 8 months.

(173)

It may be assumed Mary Dutkanicz obtained an exit visa

because she was allowed out of the Soviet Union on March 22, 1962.

Her husband made immediate efforts for his children and himself to

depart also. Sixteen months later his children were taken from their

home. They spoke to their father once and learned his fears that the

Soviets would render him an idiot. Three months after the children's

removal, Dutkanicz was reported as dead to his wife. The children

were allowed to depart from the Soviet Union 6 months after the re-

ported death, or 25 months after their mother had left.

(174)

In this analysis, only one Soviet exit visa was granted in a

shorter time period than was Oswald's. Sloboda's wife received an exit

visa within 3 months of application. Nevertheless, this was the only

case in which the visa was an exit-reentry visa, and application proce-

dures may have been different. Reasons for Oswald's short wait obtain-

ing an exit visa are unknown.

XVII. KGB CONTACT

(175)

During Oswald's efforts to regain his American passport, he

was questioned by Embassy personnel about his activities in the Soviet

Union. He was not candid in all of his responses. This places into doubt

Oswald's statement that he had never been subjected to any question-

ing of briefing by Soviet authorities concerning his life prior to enter-

ing the Soviet Union and that he had never provided information to

any Soviet organ. Oswald had previously informed the Embassy that

he would provide information he learned as a radar operator in tho

Marines.

43-792-79

462

(176)

Other questions are raised about Oswald's statement by an

October 17, 1959, entry in his diary that his Intourist guide "asks me

about myself and my reason for doing this." The committee was in-

formed by KGB officers who had defected from the Soviet Union that

Intourist guides were frequently used by the KGB as agents or sources

of information. Oswald's diary reflects he saw a great deal of his In-

tourist guide.

(177)

Oswald's diary also described various meetings with Soviet

officials to discuss his desire to reside in the Soviet Union. He met with

at least five representatives of the pass and registration or visa de-

partment. Later Oswald had a meeting with the Soviet Red Cross, and

he is met in Minsk by two other Red Cross employees and two Intourist

representatives. Oswald wrote in his diary that he kept contact with

one of the Intourist representatives for 31/2 months, and 6 months after

that, she attended his 21st birthday party.

( 178 )

Oswald's diary also contained entries concerning his asso-

ciates. (424) Marina told the FBI that :

She believes he was observed and perhaps his neighbors and

associates were questioned concerning his beliefs and his ac-

tivities * * * there is a possibility that there will be speculators

and espionage agents among tourists and immigrants in Rus-

sia * * * for this reason * * * tourists and immigrants are inves-

tigated to a degree in Russia."

(425) Marina also informed

the FBI that she knew Oswald's contacts and knew of no

contact by Russian intelligence or government agencies. (426)

Marina did not believe Oswald had been given any assignment

to perform, either in Russia or the United States. (427)

(179)

The committee requested permission of the Soviet Embassy to

conduct interviews of the Soviet citizens that were reported by Oswald

to have had contact with him. (428) This permission was refused, as

was the committee's request for additional Soviet documents concern-

ing Oswald's surveillance. The committee had no other available means

to determine possible connections between the described individuals

and the KGB.

(180)

The committee interviewed Webster concerning any contact

he may have had with the KGB while in the Soviet Union.

(429)

Webster said the KGB had never contacted him, that there was no

reason for them to do so, as the government officials that had aided

him in his defection had his entire story. (430) He stated he had never

been questioned relative to intelligence matters. (431)

(181)

File reviews revealed that Mrs. Block thought they would have

been of interest to the KGB while in the Soviet Union, but that they

had no knowing contact with them. (432) She said that the Soviet rep-

resentative who resettled them asked a lot of questions. (433) She only

recalled his inquiries about how an illegal U.S. passport, or one with

a false identity, could be obtained. (434)

(182)

The committee found that Ricciardelli had contact with a rep-

resentative from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Red Cross.

It was the Red Cross that relocated him to Kiev. He stated that visitors

to his apartment believed it to be bugged. File reviews produced no

information concerning KGB contact with either Ricciardelli or Citry-

463

-nell. Citrynell was known to have had contact with the Office of Visa

and Registration and the Red Cross. The only defector requested not

to make derogatory comments about the Soviet Union after leaving

was Citrynell. He was asked for a signed statement concerning this

by the Red Cross.

(183)

Apparently, Dubinsky and Petrulli never met with any Soviet

authorities other than their Intourist guides. They were refused citizen-

ship or any type of Soviet residence visa and remained in the Soviet

Union only for a short period. Dubinsky's treatment may characterize

Soviet treatment of foreigners they consider mentally unbalanced.

(184)

The committee found Dutkanicz and Sloboda had contact

with the KGB before and after their defection to the Soviet Union.

Dutkanicz was recruited in a bar in West Germany by the KGB. Upon

his defection, his family was resettled in L'vov with KGB assistance.

The KGB watched over Dutkanicz closely and kept in daily telephone

contact with him.

(18i) Sloboda, a reported KGB agent before defection, was sub-

jected to frequent questionings by the KGB. His wife,

however, re-

ported the only Russian Intelligence Service officer she knew was the

resettlement officer.

(186)

In reviewing the circumstance concerning KGB contact with

these 12 defectors, it could be concluded that only those having had

contact with the KGB prior to their defection, had contact with Soviet

intelligence afterward. This conclusion, however. would be in di-

rect conflict with the testimony before the committee of experts in

Soviet intelligence and officers who defected from the KGB.

(187)

The committee received testimony that : (1) Americans enter-

ing the Soviet Union were of intelligence interest to the KGB;

(2)

Americans offering to defect to the Soviet Union were rare and paid

Particular attention to by the KGB; (3) in any case similar to that of

Lee Harvey Oswald, the defector would have been debriefed for

intelligence information. (435)

(188)

In the cases of these defectors, representatives from the Soviet

Red Cross, Intourist, the Office of Visa and Registration, the Ministry

of Foreign Affairs and the KGB fulfill overlapping roles. In addition,

KGB officers use the employees of the various other agencies as agents

to gather information. It is probable that KGB officers misrepresent

their employment while debriefing unlmowledgeable defectors. It is

also possible that the defectors misrepresented any contact they may

have with foreign intelligence agencies, thus files might not accurately

reflect experiences in the Soviet Union. Consequently, contact between

the KGB and Lee Harvey Oswald cannot be ruled out. In most cases,

the files reviewed in the FBI and CIA did not in fact contain indica-

tions of debriefing of the defectors by either agency in the United

States. Thus, most individuals were never asked if the KGB had made

contact with them during their stay in the Soviet Union.

ADDENDUM : AMERICAN DEBRIEFING PRACTICES

(189)

The committee conducted a review of defectors' files in order

to determine whether defectors other than Oswald were routinely

debriefed upo• their return to the United States. The committee

464

requested that the CIA provide a list of persons traveling to the Soviet

Union during the period from 1958 to 1963, including both visitors

and those persons considered by the agency to be defectors.

(436) In

response, the CIA provided a computer listing of 380 individuals

entitled "U.S. Persons Who Have or May Have Defected to the

U.S.S.R. Between 1958-1963."(437).

The Agency stated that this listing represented U.S. persons includ-

ing some non-U.S. citizens who owed some measure of allegiance to

the United States, who either had defected or had shown some in-

tention of defecting to the U.S.S.R. within the requested

(line

period. (438)

(190)

As this list was compiled from a more detailed computer

program on American defectors, a more detailed description concern-

ing these individuals was requested and provided in an expanded

version of the original list. This machine listing included the follow-

ing information where relevant or available for each individual :

name, date, and place of birth, 201 file number, arrival in Soviet Union,

departure from Soviet Union, employment in Soviet Union, most

current address, and other miscellaneous information compiled from

the individual's 201 file and citations for/or other agency documents

regarding this individual.

(191)

The committee compiled a list of persons who appeared from

the information available in the Agency's expanded list, to be U.S.

citizens born in the United States, who defected or attempted to defect

to the Soviet Union between the vears of 1958 and 1963 and who

returned to the United States within the same period of time. In

addition, the committee included individuals from an October 1060

State Department request for information from the CIA regarding

these persons whom they considered to be defectors to the Soviet

Union or Soviet bloc countries. (439)

(192)

The committee requested files or 29 individuals who fit the

above-described criteria and the CIA provided files on 28 individuals

on whom they maintained records. These 201 files were reviewed as well

as any existing Domestic Contact Division files regarding these per-

sons. The committee's files review revealed that, in the case of six of the

individuals, there was no indication that they ever returned to the

United States.(44U) In some of these cases, the files contained a re-

port from a source who observed or spoke with the subject and then

reported the contact to the CIA, but there was no indication of direct

contact with any of these persons on the part of the CIA.

(193)

In regard to the other 22 defectors, the file review showed that

there is no record of CIA contact with 18 of them. Again, four of these

les contain reports by sources who advised the Agency of their con-

tact. Included in this group are Joseph Dutkanicz and Morris and

Mollie Block. (441 ) One file regarding a-former military person, Bruce

Frederick Davis, contained a report of a debriefing. (.412'

(194)

The circumstances of the CIA's contact with the four remain-

ing defectors differed in each case. The file of Irving Amron re-

ected that he had actually been living in the U.S.S.R. since 1933 and

returned to the United States in 1962. Be was debriefed in 1964 by a

officer after applyinpfor employmentimresponse to a newspaper

advertiseinent.(443) Another returning defector, Harold Citrynell,

465

was unwittingly interviewed by a CIA officer abroad upon the offi-

cial's departure from the Soviet Union enroute to the United States.

(444) While Citrynell's file indicated that the Agency considered it

desirable that a full and controlled debriefing by the CIA and FBI

be conducted and CIA wrote to the FBI suggesting a joint debriefing,

there is no evidence in Citrynell's 201 file nor in any DCD documents

that suggested further contact on the part of the CIA. (445)

(195) Hifore extensive debriefings were conducted of the other two

defectors. Robert E. Webster, a plastics expert with the Rand Devel-

opment Corp., whose defection to the Soviet Union in 1959 was highly

publicized, returned to the United States in June of 1962. (446) Web-

ster had been employed in the Soviet Union at the Leningrad Scien-

tific Institute of Polytechnic Plastics. (447) Shortly after his return

to the United States, Webster was debriefed in home territory by

CIA's representatives in conjunction with representatives from the

Air Force. (448) It was decided that a more extensive debriefing

in order and Webster was subsequently brought to the Washington,

D.C., area where he was debriefed for a period of 2 weeks. (449) The

.clebrieting reports included a chronology of Webster's life and the

;CIA's assessment of him as well as a large body of information regard-

ing life in the Soviet Union, Websters work there, and biographic

information on persons lie had met during his residence there. (450)

(196)

Likewise. Libero Ricciardelli who had lived in the Soviet

Union for nearly 4 years. was contacted for purposes of debriefing soon

after his return to the United States in late June of 19634451) His

initial debriefing included such subjects as the motivation to defect to

the U.S.S.R. as well as activities engaged in during his Moscow stay,

relocation from Moscow to Kiev, and general aspects of life such as

residence controls and costs. (452) While the CIA believed it was in-

feasible to debrief Ricciardelli more thoroughly due to his current

status of attempting to regain U.S. citizenship, the Agency expressed

an interest in eliciting more information on such topics as cost of

living, medical care, consumer goods, highways, transportation, and

restrictions upon travel within Kiev. (452)

(197)

It becomes clear from the review of files on these defectors

that debriefing of defectors by the CIA was, in fact, somewhat of a

random occurrence. Nonetheless, in the instances in which the Agency

.did choose to debrief returning American defectors, the Agency ap-

peared to be interested in topics of general interest recrarding life in

certain areas of the Soviet Union. In this regard, the persons who

were debriefed were similar to Oswald in that they defected and re-

turned within the same general time period and each spent his time

in the Soviet Union in areas of interest to the CIA.

.(198)

It appears from an examination of all available materials that

Lee Harvey Oswald was not interviewed by the CIA following his

return to the United States from the Soviet Union. Although persons

in a branch of the Soviet Russian division expressed an interest in

interviewing Oswald, they never followed up on this interest. There

was also no indication that the Office of Operations interviewed Oswald.

(199)

While the CIA did conduct interviews of some tourists who

visited the Soviet Union during the period 1959-63 as well as some

American citizens who defected to the Soviet Union and then returned

466

to the United States, there was no standard policy to interview all per-

sons in either category. Thus, the fact that Oswald was not interviewed.

was more the rule than the exception according to procedures followed

by the CIA at that point in time.

Submitted by :

JOHANNA SMITH.

Researcher.

REFERENCES

(1) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency,

(JFK Doc. No. 014951).

(2) Ibid.

(8) Ibid.

(4) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Morrii and,

Mollie Block (JFK Doe. No. 014935)

(hereinafter FBI notes, Block).

(5) Ibid.

(6) Ibid.

(7) Ibid.

(8) See ref. 1. See also footnote 4, FBI notes, Block.

(9) See ref. 1.

(10) Ibid.

(11) Ibid.

(12) Ibid.

(13) Ibid.

(14) Ibid.

(15) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block.

(16) Ibid.

(17) Ibid.

(18) Ibid.

(19) Ibid.

(20) Ibid.

(21) Ibid.

(22) Ibid.

(23) Ibid.

(24) See ref. 1.

(25) Ibid.

(26) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block.

(27) Ibid.

(28) Ibid.

(29) See ref. 1.

(30) Ibid.

(31) Ibid.

(32) Ibid.

(33) Ibid.

(34) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block.

(35) Ibid.

(36) Ibid.

(37) Ibid.

(38) Ibid.

(39) Ibid ; See also ref. 1.

(40) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block.

(41) See ref. 1.

(42) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No..

014952).

(43) Ibid.

(44) Ibid.

(45) Ibid.

(46) Ibid.

(47) Ibid ; see also Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's

file on Harold Citrynell

(JFK Doc. No. 014936)

(hereinafter FBI notes, Citry-

nell).

(48) See ref. 42.

(49) Ibid.

(50) Ibid.

(51) Ibid.

(52) Ibid.

467

(53) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No.

014995).

(54)

(55) Ibid.

(56) Ibid.

(57) Ibid.

(58) Ibid.

(59) Ibid.

(60) Ibid.

(61) Ibid.

(62) Ibid.

(63) Ibid.

( 64 ) Ibid.

(65) Ibid.

(66) Ibid.

(67) Ibid.

(68) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Bruce

Frederick Davis (JFK Doc. No. 014937).

(69) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Shirley

Dubinsky (JFK Doc. No. 014938) (hereinafter FBI notes, Dubinsky).

(70) Ibid.

(71) Ibid.

(72) Ibid.

(73) Ibid.

(74) Ibid.

(75) Ibid.

(76) Ibid.

(77) Ibid.

(78) Ibid.

(79) Ibid.

(80) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No.

014954).

(81) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Joseph

Dutkauicz (JFK Doc. No. 014939)

(hereinafter FBI notes, Dutkanicz).

(82) See ref. 80.

(83) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz.

(84) Ibid.

(85) Ibid.

(86) See ref. 80, CIA notes.

(87) Ibid.

(88) Ibid.

(89) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz.

(90) See ref. 80, CIA notes.

(91) Ibid.

(92) Ibid.

(93) Ibid.

(94) Ibid ; see also ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz.

(95) Ibid.

(96) See ref. 80, CIA notes.

(97) Ibid.

(98) Ibid.

(99) Ibid.

(100) Ibid.

(101) See ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz.

(102) See ref. 80, CIA notes.

(103) Ibid.

(104) Ibid.

(105) Ibid.

(106) Ibid.

(107) Ibid.

(108) Ibid.

(109) Ibid.

(110) Ibid.

(111) Ibid ; see also ref. 81, FBI notes, Dutkanicz.

(112) See ref. 80, CIA notes.

(113) Ibid.

468

(114) Ibid.

(115) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No.

014957).

(116) Ibid.

(117) Ibid ; see also Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's

le on Martin Greendlinger

(JFK Doc. No. 014942)

(hereinafter FBI notes,

Greendlinger).

(118) See ref. 115, CIA notes.

(119) Ibid ; see also ref. 117, FBI notes, Greendlinger.

(120) See ref. 115, CIA notes.

(121) Ibid.

(122) Ibid.

(123) Ibid.

( 124 ) Ibid.

(125) Ibid.

(126) Ibid.

(127) Ibid.

(128) Ibid.

(129) Ibid.

(130) Ibid.

(131) Ibid.

(132) Ibid ; see also ref. 117, FBI notes, Greendlinger.

(133) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014963).

(134) Ibid.

(135) Ibid.

(136) Ibid.

(137) Ibid.

(138) Ibid.

(139) Ibid.

(140) Ibid.

(141) Ibid.

(142) Ibid.

(143) Ibid.

(144) Ibid.

(145) Ibid.

(146) Ibid.

(147) Ibid.

(148) Ibid.

(149) Ibid.

(150) Ibid.

(151) Ibid.

(152) Ibid.

(153) Ibid.

(154) Ibid.

(155) Ibid.

(156) Ibid.

(157) Ibid.

(158) Ibid.

(159) Ibid.

(160) Ibid.

(.161) Ibid.

(162) Ibid.

(163) Ibid.

( 164 ) Ibid.

(165) Ibid.

(166) Ibid.

(167) Smith notes from the Federal Bureau of Investigation's file on Libero

Ricciardelli (JFK Doc. No. 014948) (hereinafter FBI notes, Ricdardelli).

(168) Ibid.

(169) Ibid. ; see also Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency (JFK

Doc. No. 01496.5).

(170) See ref. 169, CIA notes.

(171) Ibid.

(172) Ibid.

(173) Ibid.

(174) Ibid. ; see also ref. 167, FBI notes, Ricciardelli.

(175) See ref. 169, CIA notes.

46C)

(176) Ibid.

(177) Ibid. ; see also ref. 167, FBI notes, Ricciardelli.

(178) Ibid.

(179) Ibid.

(180) Ibid.

(181) Ibid.

(182) Ibid.

(183) Ibid.

(184) Ibid. ; see also ref. 169, CIA notes.

(185) Ibid.

(186) Ibid.

(187) See ref. 167, FBI notes, Ricciardelli.

(188) Ibid.

(189) Ibid.

(190) Ibid.

(191) Ibid.

(192) Ibid.

(193) Ibid.

(194) Ibid.

(195) Ibid.

(196) Ibid.

(197) Ibid.

(198) ibid.

(199) Ibid.

(200) Ibid.

(201) Ibid.

(202) Ibid.

(203) Ibid.

(204) Ibid.

(205) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No.

014966).

(206) Ibid.

(207) Ibid.

(208) Ibid.

(209) Ibid.

(210) Ibid.

(211) Ibid.

(212) Ibid.

(213) Ibid.

(214) Ibid.

(215) Ibid.

(216) Ibid.

(217) Ibid.

(218) Ibid.

(219) Ibid.

(220) Ibid.

(221) Ibid.

(222) Ibid.

(223) Ibid.

(224) Ibid.

(225) Ibid.

(226) Ibid.

(227) Ibid.

(228) Ibid.

(229) Ibid.

(230) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014967).

(231) Ibid.

(232) Smith notes from the Central Intelligence Agency Domestic Contact

Division file (JFK Doc. No. 014967).

(233) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster.

(234) Ibid.

(235) Ibid.

(236) Ibid.

(237) Ibid.

(238) Ibid.

(239) Ibid.

(240) Ibid.

470

(241) Ibid.

(242) Ibid.

(243) Ibid.

(244) Ibid.

(245) Ibid.

(246) Ibid.

(247) Ibid.

(248) Ibid.

(249) Ibid.

(250) Ibid.

(251) Ibid.

(252) Ibid.

(253) Ibid.

(254) Ibid.

(255) Ibid.

(256) Ibid.

(257) Ibid.

(258) Ibid.

(

59) Ibid.

(260) Ibid.

(261) Ibid.

(262) Ibid.

(263) Ibid.

(264) Ibid.

(265) Did ; see also ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division,

•file on Webster.

(266) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster.

(267) Ibid.

(268) Ibid.

(269) Ibid.

(270) Ibid.

(271) Ibid.

(272) See ref. 232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division, file on

Webster.

(273) See ref. 230, staff summary, Webster.

(274) Ibid.

(275) Ibid.

(276) Ibid.

(277) Ibid.

(278) Ibid.

(279) Ibid.

(280) Ibid.

(281) Ibid.

(282) Ibid.

(283) Ibid.

(284) Ibid.

(285) Ibid.

(286) Ibid.

(287) Ibid.

(288) Ibid.

(289) Ibid. ; see also ref.

232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Divi-

sion. file on Webster.

(290) See ref.

232, Smith notes from CIA Domestic Contact Division, file on

Webster.

(291) Commission exhibit 984 Hearings before the President's Commission on

the Assassination of President Kennedy

(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government

Printing Office, 1969), vol. XVIII, p. 402 (hereinafter Warren report volume).

(292) Commission exhibit 985, Warren report vol. XVIII, pp. 404-405.

(293) Ibid.

(294) Id. at pp. 406-479.

(295) Ibid.

(296) Ibid.

(297) Commission exhibit 3096, Warren report, vol. XXVI, p. 706.

(298) FOIA Doc. No.

13-1 for review August

1976 Commission exhibit 24.

Warren report, vol. XVI, pp.

94-105

(JFK Doc. No.

014933)

(hereafter Os-

wald Diary) page numbers refer to FOIA No. 13-1

(JFK Doc. No. 014933) not

Warren Commission volumes).

471

(299) Ibid ; see also ref.

2, Commission exhibit 985, Warren report hearing,

-vol. XVIII, pp. 404-479.

(300)' Deposition of Yuri Ivanovich Nosenko, May 30,1978, Select Committee

on Assassinations

(JFK Dec. No. 014724) pp 23-26; see also Brady notes, inter-

view of X

(JFK Doc. No.

013001) ; see also Brady notes, interview of Y

(JFK Doc. No. 105000).

(301) Outside contact report (with Vladillen M. Vasev and Ikar I. Zavrazhov),

June 1,1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations (JFK Doc. No. 008873).

(302) Ibid.

(303) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 419.

(304) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 162-163.

(305) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 408-409.

(306) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 1.

(307) Ibid.

(308) Ibid.

(.709) Ibid.

(310) Ibid.

(311) Ibid.

(312) Id. at pp. 1-2.

(313) Id. at p.2.

(314) Ibid.

(315) Ibid.

(316) Commission exhibit 9S5, Warren Commission, vol. XVIII, p. 466.

(317) Ibid.

(318) Id. at pp. 464, 470.

(319) Id. at pp. 470-471.

(320) Id. at pp. 461-465, 473.

(321) Id. at pp. 465, 472.

(322) Id. at p. 461.

(323) Id. at p. 462.

(324) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 2-3.

(325) Ibid., pp.

3-4; see also Commission exhibit

985, Warren Report, vol.

XVIII, p. 461.

(326) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 3.

(327) Ibid.

(328) Id. at p. 4.

(329) Ibid.

(330) Ibid.

(331) Ibid.

(332) Ibid.

(833) Deposition of Richard E. Snyder, June 9,1978, House Select Committee

on Assassinations, p. 18 (JFK Doc. No. 009264).

(334) Id. at pp. 18-19.

(335) Id. at p. 53.

(336) Staff interview of Richard E. Snyder. April 14, 1978, House Select Com-

mittee on Assassinations, p. 4 (JFK Doc. No. 007488).

(337) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 5.

(338) Ibid.

(339) Commission exhibit 2716, Warren Report, vol. XXVI, p. 90.

(340) Ibid.

(341) Ibid.

(342) Ibid.

(343) Commission exhibit 2717, Warren Report, vol. XXVI, p. 91; see also

ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 21.

(344) Ibid.

(345) Ibid.

(346) Ibid.

(347) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 6.

(348) Ibid.

(349) Ibid.

{350) Id. at pp. 8-7.

(351) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 404, 408-409.

(352) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 7.

(353) Ibid.

(354) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 414.

(355) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 7.

(356) Id. at pp. 7-8.

(357) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 424-427.

(358) Id. at pp. 428-429.

(359) Id. at p. 433.

(W) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 8-9.

(361) Id. at p. 9.

(362) Ibid.

(363) Id. at p. 12.

(364) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 415-416.

(365) Id. at p. 430.

(366) Commission exhibit 932, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p.

133.

(367) Ibid.

(368) Ibid.

(369) Ibid.

(370) Ibid.

(371) Ibid.

(372) Commission exhibit 933, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 135.

(373) Ibid.

(374) Commission exhibit 940, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 151.

(375) Ibid.

(376) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 13.

(377) Commission exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 450.

(378) Ibid., see also ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 13.

(379) Commission exhibit 986, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 529-530.

(380) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 13-14.

(381) Commission exhibit 936, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 142.

(382) Ibid.

(383) Ibid.

(384) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 14-15.

(385) Commission exhibit 935, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 137.

(386) Ibid.

(387) Ibid.

(388) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 8-9.

(389) Commission exhibit 935, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, p. 137

(390) Id. at p.138.

(391) Id. at p. 137.

(392) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, p. 8.

(393) Commission exhibit 935, Warren

Report, vol. XVIII, p.138.

(394)

Id. at p. 137.

(395)

Ibid.

(396)

Ibid.

(397)

Ibid.

(398)

Ibid.

(399)

Id. at p. 138.

(400)

Ibid.

((440021

))

See ref. 298,

Oswald Diary, p. 15.

Ibid.

(403)

Ibid.

(404)

Ibid.

(405)

Ibid.

(406)

Commission

exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 437-439.

(407

)

Id. at p. 442.

(408)

Id. at p. 444.

(409

)

Id. at p. 433.

(

(,410))„1

Ibid.

See ref. 298.

Oswald Diary, p. 16.

(412)

Commission

exhibit 985, Warren Report, vol. XVIII, pp. 419-420.

Oswald Diary, pp. 16-17.

(413) See ref. 298,

exhibit 985. Warren Report. vol. XVIII, p. 423.

(414) Commission

Oswald Diary, p. 17.

(415) See ref. 298,

(416) Id. at p. 18.

(417) Warren Report, vol. V, p.

274.

(418) Id. at p. 278.

(419) Id. at p. 617.

(420) Osgood Caruthers. "Soviet to Issue New Ruble and Put Worth at

$1.11," New York Times, November 15, 1960, p.

1; see also, Harby Schwartz,.

"Soviet Hints Rich Cut Ruble Hoards," New York Times, October 23, 1960, p.-

25 : see also Max Frankel, "Soviet Will Revalue Ruble : Income Tax to End by

'65," New York Times, May 6, 1960, p.1 (JFIC Doc. No. 015002).

473

(421) Commission exhibit

25, Warren Report, vol. XVI, p.

121.

(422) See footnote

53, CIII notes.

(423) Commission exhibit

25, Warren Report, vol. XVI, p.

121.

(424) See ref. 298, Oswald Diary, pp. 8-14, 16,19-20.

(425) Commission exhibit

1403, Warren Report, vol. XVII, p.

774.

(426) Commission exhibit

1401, Warren Report, vol. XXII, p.

754.

(427) Ibid.

(428) Outside contact report

(with Vladillen Mr. Vasev and Ikar I. Zavrazh-

nov ) June 1,

1978, House Select Committee on Assassinations

(JFK Doc. No.

008873).

(429) Staff interview of Robert E. Webster, Mar. 16, 1978, House Select Com-

mittee on Assassinations, p. 3

(JFK Doc. No. 014999).

(430) Ibid.

(431) Ibid.

(A32) See ref. 4, FBI notes, Block.

(433) Ibid.

(434) Ibid.

(435) Deposition of David E. Murphy, Aug. 9, 1.978, House Select Committee

on Assassinations, pp.

14-15,

16-18

(JFK Doc. No. 014723) ; see also executive

session testimony, DC SB, Nov.

16,

1978, hearing before Select Committee on

Assassinations, pp. 24-25 ; see also testimony of John Limond Hart, Sept. 15, 1978,

hearing before the Select Committee on Assassinations,

95th Congress 2d Ses-

si,,n. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office,

1979, vol. III, p.

526—

-27 ; see also notes, staff interview of May 19,

1978

(JFK Doc. No. 015001) ; see

also notes staff interview- of Nosenko. May 30, 1978

(JFK Doc. No. 015003).

(436) Letter from House Select Committee on Assassinations to CIA, Jan. 6,

1978.

(437) Attachment to CIA memorandum Jan. 27, 1978.

(438) Ibid.

(439) Letter from Hugh S. Cumming to Richard M. Bissell, Oct. 25, 1960.

(440) Among the six defectors who did not return to the United States were

Martin and Mitchell.

(441) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014954 ).

(41/.2) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014952).

(443) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency.

(444) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014952).

(445) Ibid.

(446) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFK Doc. No. 014967).

(447) Ibid.

(448) Ibid.

(449) Ibid.

(450) Ibid.

(451) Classified staff summary of review of the Central Intelligence Agency

(JFF< Doc. No. 014.965).

(4.52) Ibid.

(453) Ibid.